1542 - 1587 (44 years)| Name | Mary I Stuart [6, 7, 8] | |
| Suffix | Queen of Scots | |
| Born | 08 Dec 1542 | Linlithgow Palace, Linlithgow, West Lothian (Linlithgowshire), Scotland  [9] |
| Gender | Female | |
| Occupation | 14 Dec 1542 | Linlithgow Palace, Linlithgow, West Lothian (Linlithgowshire), Scotland |
| Queen: 14 Dec 1542 to 24 Jul 1567 (abdicated). Queen consort of France in 1559 | ||
| History | 09 Sep 1543 | Stirling Castle, Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland |
| When Mary Stewart was 6 months old, The Treaties of Greenwich declared that she would marry Edward Tudor in 1552 and for their heirs to inherit the Kingdoms of Scotland and England. Edward's father Henry VIII had recently broken with with the Catholic faith and was expecting threats from Europe with Scottish support under the Auld Alliance. So the marriage would ensure Scottish alliegance. Mary's mother was opposed to the proposition, she hid Mary at Stirling Castle and had her crowned Queen on 9 Sep 1543 aged 9 months. Under the ordinary laws of succession, Mary was next in line to the English throne after her cousin, Elizabeth (who would remain childless). In the eyes of many Catholics, Elizabeth was illegitimate, having been born 8 months after her mother, Anne Boleyn's marriage, thus making Mary the true heir as Mary II of England. However the Third Succession Act of 1543 provided that Elizabeth would succeed Mary I of England to the throne | ||
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Stirling Castle, Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland |
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| History | 10 Sep 1547 | Pinkie Cleugh, Inveresk, Musselburgh, Midlothian, Scotland |
| The Treaties of Greenwich soon fell apart after Mary's coronation and Henry VIII set about 'Rough Wooing' to impose the marriage to his son, applying a series of raids, including devastating Melrose Abbey, until 1551 costing £500,000 and many lives. But Mary remained in the secret chambers of Stirling Castle. On 10 Sep 1547, known as 'Black Saturday', the Scots suffered a bitter defeat at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh. Mary of Guise, fearful for her daughter, sent her temporarily to Inchmahome Priory, and turned to the French for support. The new French King, Henry II proposed uniting France and Scotland and by Mary's right, a back door to securing England, a Western European Catholic Empire, by marrying Mary to his 3 year old son, the Dauphin François. The marriage treaty was signed at a nunnery near Haddington. On 7 Aug 1548, Mary sailed from Dumbarton to France. | ||
| Education | Between 1548 and 1558 | Château d'Amboise, Amboise, Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France |
| May I Stewart received a renaissance (and catholic) education a the court of Henry II of France. She became, tall, elegant and charming. Whereas her future husband the Dauphin François was short and clumsy Mary was the first member of the royal House of Stuart to use the Gallicised spelling Stuart, rather than the earlier Stewart. Mary had adopted the French spelling Stuart during her time in France, and she and her descendants continued to use it | ||
| Residence | Bef 1548 | Falkland Palace, Falkland, Fife, Scotland |
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Falkland Palace, Falkland, Fife, Scotland |
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| History | Mar 1560 | Château d'Amboise, Amboise, Indre-et-Loire, Centre, France |
| The French protestant reformer John Calvin (born 10 Jul 1509 Noyon, Oise, France died 27 May 1564) fled to the republic of Geneva where he published his seminal 'Institutes of the Christian Religion' in Latin in 1536 (French in 1541) with definitive editions appearing in 1559 (Latin) and in 1560 (French). The book was an introductory textbook on the Protestant faith for people with only some previous knowledge of theology. John Calvin and Martin Luther mutual respected one another, but a doctrinal conflict developed between Luther and the Zürich reformer Huldrych Zwingli (born 1 Jan 1484 Wildhaus, Switzerland died 11 Oct 1531) on the interpretation of the Eucharist (a commemoration of the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine). Calvin's sided with Zwingli which began the first of many Protestant church splits, or tendencies to sectarianism (attaching importance to perceived differences between subdivisions within a group). Zwingli also clashed with Conrad Grebel (born abt. 1498 Zürich canton, Switzerland died 1526) one of the initiators of the Anabaptist movement, who read of no baptism of children in the Bible and therefore re-baptised adults. In 1682 Anabaptists took flight to the New World and William Penn (born 14 Oct 1644 England died 30 Jul 1718 Berkshire, England)'s new colony of religious freedom for Quakers and all christians in Penn's Paradise, Pennsylvania, USA. There the Anabaptists influenced Amish, Baptist, Brethren, and Mennonite descendants. The Geneva Bible is published in 1560 (51 years before the King James translation) its production supervised by William Whittingham (born 1524 England died 1579, married the sister of John Calvin and was Dean of Durham in 1563) and subsequently used by and influenced William Shakespeare, Oliver Cromwell, John Milton, John Knox, John Donne and John Bunyan Huguenots of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvanists, the derivation of the name Huguenot remains uncertain) storm the Château d'Amboise with the objective of kidnapping the young, weak French King Francis II. They failed and wer hung over the Château walls. But Francis would also die in December of that year from an ear infection which worsened and caused an abscess in his brain. | ||
| History | 19 Aug 1561 | Leith, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland |
| Mary I Stuart returned from France to Edinburgh's port of Leith. Scotland had changed, the reformation had spread to Scotland and it was now a protestant country. The Calvinist (from the French reformer John Calvin) John Knox, Scotland's spiritual leader considered Catholic monarchs could be deposed. Mary's catholic half brother advised her to keep her religion private but work with protestant regime, but at her first private mass, the secret was discovered by a mob. John Knox said that 'one mass was more fearfull than 10,000 men'. Knox was brought before Mary where she told him Scotland could remain protestant but she would remain catholic. She then toured Scotland to win over its people. | ||
| History | 1564 | Holyrood Palace (House), Canongate, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland |
| By 1564 Elizabeth had not produced an heir, so Mary I Stuart decided to take the initiative, re-marry and produce an her for the English throne. She considered as suitors the French adolescent brother of her dead husband, Hercule François Duke of Anjou or the elderly Spanish widower, the Holy Roman Emperor Carlos of Spain. She decided upon her English cousin (their grand mother was Margaret Tudor), Henry Darnley who was tall, good looking, and young a boy who could be her king. | ||
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Holyrood Palace, Holyrood, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland |
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| History | 1566 | Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland |
| While Mary I Stuart was pleased to be pregnant, her husband Henry Darnley became drunk and debauched and probably suffered from syphilis. A plot was hatched to be rid of him. At a 'Round Table' party thrown to celebrate James V Stuart's baptism at Stirling Castle, Mary announced that her 'Little King Arthur' would be the future ruler of the British Isles, much to the chagrin of the English ambassador. On 10 Feb 1567, Henry Darnley's house at Edinburgh's Kirk o' Field (Kirk is Celtic for Church) is blown up, and he is found in its garden strangled. Henry's body, practically a king of Scotland is left at Holyrood Chapel were no gravestone lays monument. | ||
| History | 24 Apr 1567 | Stirling Castle, Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland |
| On 24 Apr 1567, Mary I Stuart visited her son at Stirling for the last time. On her way back to Edinburgh Mary was abducted, willingly or not, by James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell (a ringleader in Darnley's murder) and his men and taken to Dunbar Castle, where she was allegedly raped and mentally destroyed by Hepburn. She became pregnant with twins. On 6 May 1567 they returned to Edinburgh and on 15 May 1567 was married at a protestant service at Holyrood Palace. | ||
| History | Jun 1567 | Loch Leven Castle, Castle Island, Loch Leven, Kinross-shire, Scotland |
| Protestant forces rise to unseat Mary I Stuart. On Carberry Hill battlefield Earl Bothwell is allowed to escape when Mary offers herself for captivity at Loch Leven Castle. Between 18 Jul and 24 Jul 1567, Mary miscarried her twins. On 24 Jul 1567, she is forced to abdicate the Scottish throne in favour of her 1 year old son James. On 2 May 1568, Mary escaped from Loch Leven and again managed to raise a small army. After a defeat at the Battle of Langside on 13 May 1567 she flees to England | ||
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Loch Leven Castle, Loch Leven, Kinross-shire, Scotland |
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| History | 19 May 1568 | Carlisle Castle, Carlisle, Cumberland, England |
| When Mary I Stuart entered England on 19 May 1568, she is imprisoned by Elizabeth I's officers at Carlisle. During her imprisonment, she famously had the phrase 'En ma Fin gît mon Commencement' (In my end is my beginning) embroidered on her cloth of state. She would remain a prisoner moving from Castle to Castle until her execution on 08 Feb 1587 | ||
| Residence | 16 Jul 1568 | Bolton Castle cum Redmire, Wensleydale, North Yorkshire, England |
| Imprisoned until 26 Jan 1569 | ||
| Residence | 26 Jan 1569 | Tutbury Castle, Tutbury, Staffordshire, England |
| Imprisoned | ||
| Residence | 1570 | Sheffield Castle, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England |
| Imprisoned | ||
| Residence | Between 1570 and 1587 | Sheffield Manor, Park, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England |
| Imprisoned in the custody of George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury and his redoubtable wife Bess of Hardwick | ||
| History | 1579 | Scotland |
| The very first Bible printed in Scotland was the Geneva Bible, which was first issued in 1579. In fact, the involvement of John Knox and John Calvin in the creation of the Geneva Bible made it especially appealing in Scotland, where a law was passed in 1579 requiring every household of sufficient means to buy a copy. | ||
| Residence | 1586 | Chartley Hall, Chartley, Staffordshire, England |
| Imprisoned in the manor house, which was destroyed by fire in 1781 | ||
| Died | 08 Feb 1587 | Fotheringhay (Fotheringay) Castle, Fotheringhay, Northamptonshire, England [10] |
| Cause: Beheaded for treason, Mary I Stuart becomes a Catholic Martyr | ||
| Buried | Peterborough Cathedral and Westminster Abbey, Westminster, Middlesex, England |
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| Person ID | I1749983855 | Red1st |
| Last Modified | 3 Jul 2009 | |
| Father | James V Stewart, King of Scotland, b. 15 Apr 1512, Linlithgow Palace, Linlithgow, West Lothian (Linlithgowshire), Scotland , d. 14 Dec 1542, Falkland Palace, Falkland, Fife, Scotland (Age 30 years) | |
| Mother | Mary of Guise, b. 22 Nov 1515, Bar-le-Duc, Lorraine, France , d. 10 Jun 1560, Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland (Age 44 years) | |
| Married | 18 May 1538 | Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris, Paris, Île-de-France, France, Paris, Île-de-France, France |
| Family ID | F122013564 | Group Sheet | Family Chart |
| Family 1 | François (Francis) II de Valois, King of France, b. 19 Jan 1544, Château de Fontainebleau, Fontainebleau, Paris, Île-de-France, France , d. 05 Dec 1560, Orléans, Loiret, Centre, France (Age 16 years) | |
| Married | 24 Apr 1558 | Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris, Paris, Île-de-France, France, Paris, Île-de-France, France [11] |
| Last Modified | 2 Feb 2009 10:45:18 | |
| Family ID | F672539491 | Group Sheet | Family Chart |
| Family 2 | Henry Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany, Lord Darnley, b. 07 Dec 1545, Temple Newsam (Newsome), Leeds, West Yorkshire, England , d. 10 Feb 1567, Kirk o' Field, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland (Age 21 years) | |||
| Married | 26 Jul 1565 | Holyrood Palace (House), Canongate, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland [1, 12, 13] |
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| Last Modified | 2 Sep 2008 19:41:16 | |||
| Family ID | F672595099 | Group Sheet | Family Chart | ||
| Family 3 | James Hepburn, 1st Duke of Orkney, 4th Earl of Bothwell, Lord Hailes, Lord High Admiral of Scotland, b. Abt 1534, Scotland , d. 14 Apr 1578, Dragsholm Castle, West Zealand (Vestsjælland), Zealand, Denmark (Age ~ 44 years) | |
| Married | 15 May 1567 | Holyrood Palace (House), Canongate, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland [14] |
| Last Modified | 2 Feb 2009 16:05:23 | |
| Family ID | F672837241 | Group Sheet | Family Chart |
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| Photos | | Mary, Queen of Scots Painted in 1558, miniature by Francis Clouet The Royal Collection © 2006, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II |
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